1.
Title
The
effect of using English newspapers on students’ reading achievement.
2.
Background
of the Study
In the school, English has been taught
from elementary school but there are still many problems that students face it,
it is caused English is not their language and the role of English is just as a
second language. Therefore, the ways to solve those problems is much needed in
learning English, there are two cycles that students should learn and of course
master it, first is spoken cycle, and listening and speaking are included in
it. Second is written cycle, they are reading and writing. Therefore, teacher
has an important role to make students master all cycles. Students’ success
depends on teacher ways. Reading is one of the important factors on students’
success in learning English, because reading is a window of the world. From
reading, students can improve their pronunciation, vocabularies, grammar and
their knowledge.
Alyousef as cited in Goodman (1983, 554)
who views reading as a “guessing game” in which the “reader reconstructs, as
best as he can, a message which has been encoded by a writer”. It means reading
is a process guessing the meaning of the text. The reader should arrange from
word to word until sentence is formed and the reader tries to read the message,
which the writer makes in every sentence.
Reading can be defined as a process of
looking at and understanding what is written but it is not as simple as that,
for many understand something and not others and still be reading (Bottino, 63).
It means the reader should understand the written text in reading but it is not
easy to be done. The reader should know some elements such as vocabularies,
grammar rule, etc.
Teaching reading is not
easy and is not difficult, it becomes more challenging for the teacher. The
teacher should have some strategies to make students understand about the text.
For the first time, the teacher can choose the text based on the students’
grades or levels. By choosing
texts of the right difficulty and interest
level will encourage children to read and to enjoy what they are reading. (Pang, Muaka, Bernhardt, and Kamil, 2003: 13). In senior high school,
the teacher can see the syllabus first. Then the teacher can look for the texts,
which are appropriate with the materials.
Another strategy, which the teacher can
use, is extensive reading. Extensive reading is a strategy, which use
individual approach in teaching reading. The students are asked to look for
some texts and comprehend it by themselves. In recent years, research and practice
have validated that idea (Day and Bamford, 1998). The benefits of extensive
reading include fluency, vocabulary acquisition, awareness of grammar, models for
writing, and an immersion in the culture of the second or foreign language (Mikulecky, 2008).
The teacher
can use the strategy in teaching reading. It depends the problems that the
teacher faces it. The teacher also should use the various ways in teaching
reading, it can make students feel fun and motivated in learning English.
Finally, the teachers are obeyed to be creative in teaching English especially
in teaching reading.
Pape and Featherstone (2005) as cited in
Richardson defines that news is something you have to tell a friend
before the credits on your mobile phone run out. It means the content of news
is very important to be shared. In newspaper, there is much information inside.
So, when someone reads the newspaper, much information they got.
Communicating the news through
newspapers has faced constant challenges (Franklin, 2008). It means there are
some challenges to get information in the newspapers, such as to get the main
idea of the text, to know cause and effect of certain situations, etc. it also
becomes a challenge to the teacher to make the students understand about the
information in the text of the newspapers. English newspapers have been
experimented by some people in the world.
There are some studies that promote
English newspapers in reading; Tafani
in 2009 with the title is Teaching
English through Mass Media, Lancouchová in 2006 with title is
using magazines and newspapers in ELT
with interpersonal and intrapersonal types of students, and English
Newspapers: Exploring Innovative Methodological
Paradigm in 2010 by
Mehta.
3.
Reason
for Choosing the Topic
Based on interview which is done by the
writer and the teacher in SMA Negeri 1 Balapulang, there are some problems that
students face in learning English; lack of vocabularies, grammar, reading,
speaking, listening, and writing. Because almost all skills become a problem,
it is impossible to be investigated. Then the writer only chooses reading for
his research because the writer believes that if the students good in reading they
will be good in other skills.
The teacher only used the textbook as a
main source in teaching reading. The information are on the textbook is limited
while the students need a lot of information. Then the writer chooses English
newspapers as alternative reading material. From English newspapers, the
students can learn more about many vocabularies, grammar rule, and the way of
the writer that become the problems of the students in learning English. The
materials can be challenging and interesting for the students thus the students
become more interesting to read.
Relating to the case above, the writer
conducts a research entitled:
“The Effect of Using
English Newspapers on Students’ Reading Achievement to the Eleventh Grade
Students of SMA Negeri 1 Balapulang”.
4.
Research
Question
Based on the background of the study
above, the writer formulates the questions as follows:
4.1 Is
using English newspapers effective to teach reading to the students?
4.2 How
effective is using English newspapers to teach reading to the students?
4.3 Is
there any significant difference in reading achievement between students who
are taught by using English newspapers and those who are not?
5.
The
Limitation of the Study
According
to the School Level – Based Curriculum or KTSP, teaching and learning process
of English is emphasized on the introduction of text genre. At senior high
school, the text genres are taught such as Narrative, Descriptive, News Item,
Recount, Report, Review, etc. In this research, the writer takes the limitation
of the study on reading achievement in reading a text. The writer uses report,
and analytical exposition text in teaching reading by using English newspapers at
the eleventh grade of senior high school at SMA Negeri 1 Balapulang. English newspapers,
which are used by the writer in this research, are Jakarta post, Reuters, and
BBC News.
6.
Objective
of the Study
Based on the
research statement, this study aimed at finding out:
6.1 To
find out whether or not using English newspapers effective to students in
teaching reading.
6.2 To
find out how effective is using English newspapers to teach reading to the
students.
6.3 To
find out whether or not there is any significant difference between students
who are taught using English newspaper and those who are not.
7.
Definition
of Key Terms
7.1 English
Newspapers
According
Kunek (2002), newspapers are printed publications usually daily or weekly with
local and abroad news. English newspapers are newspapers that are in the way of
writing using English; it can be local newspapers or international newspapers.
There are five English newspapers that the writer will be used; Jakarta post,
Reuters, and BBC News. Jakarta post is a famous local English newspaper comes
from Jakarta, Reuters is a news office, which is located in London, England while
BBC or British Broadcasting Corporation is a television station, radio from UK.
BBC also provides online news through BBC news.
7.2 Reading
Reading is the ability to associate a written word or string of
letters with the spoken word that it represents and, consequently, with the
concepts or meanings associated with this word (Kruidenier, 2002:35).
Reading has an important role in the success of teaching and learning English. From
reading, we can know everything in this world knowledge, technology, events,
sports and others.
7.3 Report
Report
is a text that describes the way things are, with reference to a range of
natural, manmade and social phenomena in our environment (Astuti, 2010:26).
7.4 Analytical
Exposition
Analytical Exposition
is a text which persuade the readers or listeners that something is the case,
give a point of view, and confirms what is claimed (Astuti, 2010:95).
8.
Significance
of the Study
The result of the study is expected to be used
theoretically and practically.
Theoretically, the result of this study is
expected to be able to widen the skill of teachers in using English newspapers
in order to improve student’s reading skill. As a reference to other
researchers who want to study using of English newspapers more intensively in
teaching reading.
Practically, the
result of this study is suggested to apply this strategy to increase the
students’ competence in English reading skill. The use of using English
newspapers in reading can make the students feel more enjoyable in doing their
tasks associated with the reading materials.
9.
Review
of Related Literature
This chapter consists of previous
studies, review of related theories, frame of thinking, and hypothesis. In the
review of related theories, the writer describes about previous study,
definition of English newspaper, newspaper elements, the advantages of
using English newspapers, develop habit of reading English newspapers amongst
the students, English newspapers contain for ESL classroom exercises, definition
of reading, reading strategies and techniques, and the last is the importance
of teaching reading.
9.1
Previous
Studies
The
writer finds some previous studies that claim there
is the effectiveness of using English newspapers on students’ reading
achievement. One of them is based on Tafani (2009) with the title is Teaching
English through Mass Media. Newspaper is one of kinds of mass media.
The finding of this study is newspapers provide a natural source of many
of the varieties of
Written English that become very important to students, and valuable for
language study as the students progress. It means there are many sources in English
newspaper that can give a positive effect to students’ progress in learning
English.
Another
previous study based on Lancouchová (2006) with title is using magazines and newspapers in ELT with interpersonal and intrapersonal
types of students. The finding of
this study is the newspapers and magazines were described as a good
source for practicing the English language. It was stressed that using
newspapers as authentic material and magazines as semi-authentic material is
very important for a learner’s connection with ´real´ English. It means the use
English newspapers is good for practicing English and the content of the
newspapers are real English or writing’s native language that can be taken the
advantages by the students , one of them is to make a connection with real
English.
English newspapers are not only
effective in teaching reading but also effective in teaching.
The previous study is from English
Newspapers: Exploring Innovative Methodological
Paradigm in 2010 by
Mehta. The finding of this study
is the use of English newspapers will certainly encourage, motivate the
students, and help them to sharpen their LSRW (Listening, Speaking,
Reading and Writing) skills. It means the use of newspapers have some benefits
to the students in learning English such as encourage and help them to master
all skills, they are LSRW (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing) skills.
Based on the previous studies, it can be
concluded that English newspapers gives positive effect in teaching reading. It
is proved that using English newspapers is not only made the students more
understood in learning English but also can make a connection between students
with real English.
9.2
English
Newspapers
Newspaper is a group of information such as news,
articles, and advertising that is published periodically. Newspaper can be
brought in the classroom and it can make the difference situation in it. The
various ways to teach is needed to make students do not feel bored in learning
English.
Cole and Harcup (2010:4)
discussed that a newspaper has been described as a
portable reading device with serendipity. You can take it anywhere and read it
anywhere. You do not have to plug it in or recharge it. Newspapers remain cheap;
even the Sunday Times, Britain’s first newspaper. The newspapers can be found
and brought in the classroom easily, it can make the teacher easy to get the
materials for teaching then conduct it to the students.
Garrett (2006:5) defined that the newspaper is the
ultimate informational text. This teacher’s guide provides educators with
specific activities to help students develop and extend their ability to
comprehend informational text structures and organization. From the newspapers,
the teacher asks the students to read the text and makes some activities such
as students are asked to comprehend the text and to guest the structures and
organization of the text.
From several definitions mentioned above, the writer
concludes that English newspapers can be found and can be brought easily in the
classroom to teach the students and the teacher can make some activities with
the text in the newspaper.
9.3 Newspaper Elements
According
to Garret (2006), newspaper elements are divided into several parts, they are:
·
Newspaper
content provides information about the real world of the reader. International,
national, state and local people and events are the subjects of news and
feature stories every day. Anything that touches the lives of readers can be
found in the newspaper, from weather reports, to stock prices, to community
problems and solutions, to national decisions that affect the country and the
world.
·
Newspapers see
themselves as primary resources for many different kinds of information. News
is gathered and written by professional journalists who operate under clear
codes of ethics. Professional photographers and artists develop photographs and
art elements. Professionals with degrees and backgrounds create advertising in
business and marketing. Newspapers hold all of their employees to high
standards of performance.
·
The newspaper
contains a variety of navigational aids to help readers quickly find
information they are seeking. Newspapers are usually divided into specific
sections – such as news, business, lifestyle and sports. Many times, the
section has its own “front page.” Newspapers identify each page with a folio line,
which gives the name of the newspaper, the date, the section and the page
number.
·
Newspapers may
include newspaper or section content previews with front-page elements, such as
“in this section” boxes which provide information about stories inside the
section. The classified advertising section of the newspaper has its own index
to help readers locate information quickly.
·
The newspaper uses
graphic devices wherever an editor thinks that information can best be provided
in a visual format. Locator maps, data charts and tables often accompany news
stories. Feature stories and how-to columns use diagrams and tables. Sports
stories are accompanied by box scores in tables and data charts providing
information about an individual or team performance. National and/or regional
maps usually dominate the weather page with icons indicating specific weather
predictions.
·
The newspaper
has a staff of professional photographers and artists who provide visual
support for news and feature stories. Editors realize that photos and
illustrations are efficient ways to transmit information. Newspaper
photographers take photos of local and regional events; sometimes, photos
accompany stories and sometimes, the photos and captions (called cutline) are
stand-alone features. Wire photos are used to provide information about
national and international news events. Newspaper artists provide illustrations
to add information and impact to news stories and features.
·
Newspapers
provide many examples of comparative/contrastive text structures. The editorial
and op-ed pages of the newspaper provide text in which different points of view
are presented and debated. Many newspapers have regular science features, which
often use comparison and contrast.
·
The newspaper
categorizes its content in ways to make information easily accessible to
readers. The newspaper categorizes news and features by topics. The newspaper
has an index on page one, which directs readers to appropriate information. The
classified ad section categorizes ads by function. Within each ad category,
information is usually arranged in a particular order. For example, autos might
be listed by brand name and year.
9.4
The Advantages of Using English Newspapers
Teacher can use English newspapers in
their teaching learning process because using English newspapers has many
advantages. According to Mehta (2010), the main advantages of using English
newspapers in an ESL classroom are:
1. Provide motivation for reading and discussion in English.
2. Develop affection and interest towards the use of English
Language.
3. Make the process of learning interesting and innovative.
4. Flexible and adaptable to all curriculum areas and grade levels.
5. Promote good reading habits that will help in a better
understanding.
6. Offer a wide variety of knowledge and information -- news, sports,
weather, editorials, and comics.
7. A very cost-effective way to impart learning.
8. Contain practical vocabulary and the best models of clear, concise
writing.
9. Develop writing, speaking and listening skills of the students.
10. Explore and unfold the world of knowledge and information.
11. Lessons take time to prepare. Once a teacher finds an interesting
material, he/she may use it repeatedly.
12. Helpful in learning grammatical usages, carefully crafted sentence
structures and idioms and phrases besides new words.
The English Newspapers can be used for ESL learners of all levels.
For beginning students, the large print headlines, recognizable symbols and
numbers, and many color and black-and-white photographs can communicate
information that students understand. At an intermediate level, the newspaper
offers exposure to print, to graphic devices, and to punctuation. Advanced
students can read English newspapers much as a native speaker would, skimming
some articles, reading others completely, and ignoring those parts of the
newspaper of small interest to them.
9.5
Develop
Habit of Reading English Newspapers amongst the Students
According to Mehta (2010), English
newspapers are good sources for students to know about the world. In English newspapers,
there is much information, which is good for students’ knowledge. In the other hand,
the using of English newspapers is still limit in the teaching whereas the
using of English newspapers has many advantages for students. Therefore, it is
needed the ways to change the students habit.
Following measures can be applied as to
develop habit of reading English newspapers among the students:
1. Motivate the students to read at least one English newspaper on
regular basis for a month or two.
2. Ask the students to select the most interesting part of the
newspaper that appeals them. They can read it and report to other classmates.
3. Encourage the students to read outside class as much as possible.
4. Help the students to become better learners. Reading is a great
way of acquiring language. It will be very handy in developing their reading
skills, writing skills, and vocabulary.
5. Talk about reading and comprehension of English texts with your
learners as well, and share strategies that they can use when reading.
6. Encourage the students to keep and refer an authentic dictionary
while reading the newspaper. At the initial stages, the students can be asked
to understand the meanings of hard/new words with the help of context so that
flow and interest during reading can be maintained.
7. Try to encourage the students to comprehend the
story/feature/article as a whole. They should be made enable to have their
focus on getting a complete picture rather than being stuck with the parts that
they do not understand at ease.
8. Encourage the students to pen down the details/information that
are relevant and useful for them, as it will enable them to develop writing
notes/précis/essays/paragraphs/summary etc.
9.6
English
Newspapers Contain for ESL Classroom Exercises
Mehta (2010) states that English
newspapers can be used not only for reading comprehension but also for writing
skill, vocabulary mastery, grammar and others. It is caused the content of
English newspapers are complete.
Following are the main ingredients of
the English Newspapers:
1. News Stories:
The front page is considered
as the mirror of any newspaper. It contains all the breaking or important news
in it. The headlines of the front page are prepared meticulously with an aim to
draw the attention of the readers.
2. Feature Stories:
Feature stories are very
helpful in sharing information on the topics of reader’s interest. These
stories may be based upon a trend, event, situation etc.
3. Special Features:
Special features are meant to have a healthy discussion on a
specific issue or a special case/event/story.
4. Editorial and Letters to the Editor:
Editorial columns reflect the views of the editor/ editorial
team/guest writer. Editorial columns are considered very insightful and thought
provoking ones. They help the readers to build up their thoughts and views and
promote a high level of thinking skills. The Letters to the Editors represent
the opinions of the readers. It is helpful in bringing out the views of the
readers before other readers.
5. Advertisements/Classified:
The
advertisements/classified items are very helpful for the readers to know more
about an existing or a newly launched product(s).
6. Miscellaneous Items:
In a newspaper, the readers can easily find timetable of
Trains/Flights, schedule of events, television, theatre, movies etc. we can
also get useful information on weather, fashion, share-market, trade etc.
9.7
Reading
Reading is an activity to get some information from
the text through comprehends it. With reading the texts, it can make some
positive influences to the readers such as add their knowledge, know the
present events, catch the hot issues etc.
Alyousef
(2005:144) states that reading can be seen as an “interactive” process between
a reader and a text, which leads to automaticity or (reading fluency). When
someone read, the text there is a connection between the reader and the text that
can give a good effect to the readers’ comprehension.
Reading is a process shaped partly by the text,
partly by the reader's background, and partly by the situation the reading
occurs in Hermida (2009) as cited in (Hunt, 2004:137).
Reading is a conscious and unconscious thinking process.
The reader applies many strategies to reconstruct the meaning that the author
is assumed to have intended. The reader does this by comparing information in
the text to his or her background knowledge and prior experience (Mikulecky, 2008).
Marie Clay’s definition of reading provides a
framework for discussing our goals for reading instruction. She writes, “I
define reading as a message-getting, problem-solving activity which increases
in power and flexibility the more it is practiced” (Scharer, 1991:6).
“Reading is an exercise dominated by the eyes and
the brain. The eyes receive the messages and the brain then has to work out the
significance of these messages. A reading text moves at the speed of the
reader. The fact that reading texts are stationary is clearly a huge advantage”.
Reading is one of the essential language skills
comprising every language lesson and the whole process of learning itself (Lancouchová,
2006:7).
Based on the definitions above, the writer concludes
that reading is a process between the reader and the text, an activity that is
dominated by the eyes and the brain, and as a message-getting, problem-solving
activity. Reading relates with the reader, the text, the eyes, and the brain.
9.8
Reading
Strategies and Techniques
To understand the text is difficult for students, it
becomes a challenge for the teacher because in English newspapers there are
many texts inside. Therefore, the teacher should have strategies and techniques
in reading. According to Lancouchová (2006), many reading strategies and
techniques may help students to be a better reader, they are:
· Activating
prior knowledge - the teacher uses this as a pre-reading activity, which
enables the reader to make connections between something they already know and
the new knowledge from the reading material.
· Clarifying
- used throughout reading, students ask questions, reread, restate and visualize,
making the text more comprehensible.
· Context
Clues – using words surrounding an unknown word to determine its meaning.
· Drawing
Conclusions – used after reading, the students use written or visual clues to
figure out something that is not stated, students respond with their ideas and
opinions based on information learned from reading the text.
· Evaluating
– used during and after reading, it encourages students to form their opinions,
make judgments and develop ideas from reading; teachers make evaluative
questions and these lead the student to evaluate a text critically.
· Inference
- used during reading, students give a logical guess based on facts to help the
students understand the deeper meaning of a text.
· Predicting
– used before and during reading, students use the text to guess what will
happen next, and then they confirm or reject their own prediction as they read.
· Rereading
– gives students another chance to understand a challenging text better.
· Restating
– used during reading, the students shorten or summarize the meaning of a
chapter or a passage.
· Setting
a purpose – used before reading, the students read directions for a reading
task and then determine why they are being asked to read; the reader provides
focus by setting a purpose.
· Scanning
– reading quickly to locate specific information, or looking for specific answer.
· Skimming-
reading for a quick ´gist´ of a chapter or section.
· Visualizing
– used during reading, it is introduced by reading aloud while students close
their eyes and imagine how it looks, and then students write or draw what they
see.
9.9
The
Importance of Teaching Reading
Alyousef
(2005) as cited Hedge (2003) states that any reading component of an English
language course may include a set of learning goals for:
· The
ability to read a wide range of texts in English. This is the long-range goal most
teachers seek to develop through independent readers outside EFL/ESL classroom.
· Building
knowledge of language, which will facilitate reading ability.
· Building
schematic knowledge.
· The
ability to adapt the reading style according to reading purpose (i.e. skimming,
scanning).
· Developing
an awareness of the structure of written texts in English.
· Taking
a critical stance to the contents of the texts.
The
last goal can be implemented at an advanced level. Students, however, should be
kept aware that not all Internet content is authentic since there are no “gate
keepers” and anyone can post whatever he/she likes in this cyberspace.
Consequently, students can check the authenticity of the text by looking at the
following indicators: whether the article gives the name of the author or no,
the date of publication, the aim of the article, etc.
9.10
Logical
Framework
There
are many ways to get success in teaching learning process. Reading is one of
skills that are important in learning English except listening, speaking, and
writing. Someone’s reading ability influences the ability of another skills for
example someone who has a good ability in speaking, he firstly learn to speak
English by reading the text, from that text he knows how to pronounce words
correctly. After that, he applies it in his way to say something.
Teaching
reading can use various styles. It is needed to make students feel fun. One of
them is using English newspapers in the teaching learning process. Teacher is
asked to be creative in teaching English so that the students can master the materials
well. From English newspaper, the teacher can relate it with the materials that
are in the school especially in senior high school for example he can make
tasks from the texts that are involve in English newspapers.
9.11
Hypothesis
Based
on the discussion of theories and the theoretical framework, the hypothesis
will be proposed in this research are as follows:
Null
Hypothesis
10. Methodology
10.1
Approach, Type and Design of the
Research
Research
approach is a way or a plan that will be used to conduct a research.
In this research, the writer will use quantitative approach. Sugiyono (2013:7)
states that:
Quantitative
research method is named traditional method, because this method has been used
in long time so that it is used as method for research. This method is called
as positivistic method because it is based on positivism philosophy. This
method as scientific method because it has fulfilled scientific principles,
they are concrete/empiric, objective, measured, rational, and systematic.
Based on the statement above,
quantitative research method can be define as research method which has been used
in long time and it is complete as a method because it fulfilled scientific
principles.
Research type is a kind of research that will be done by the writer.
In this research, the writer will find out the effect of using English
newspapers on students’ reading achievement. Therefore, the writer uses
experimental research as the type of this research. In experimental research,
the writer does a manipulation toward independent variable, does measurement
toward independent and dependent variable itself (Sudjana, 2009:56)
In this research, the writer uses two
group designs. Sugiyono (2011:114)
in this design, there are two groups as samples. One group is an experimental
group and the other is the control group. The first group or experimental group
is a group of the students that will be taught by using English newspapers. The
second group or control group is a group of students that will be not taught by
using English newspapers but it will be taught by using a single text in a
textbook that is always used by the teacher in the school.
The writer gives pretest and posttest of
each group. Pretest used to measure the ability of the students before giving
the treatment and posttest used to know the effect of using English newspapers
on students’ reading achievement. Posttest is given after the writer applies
the treatment to the experimental group and control group. The writer analyzed
the result of this treatment from posttest and the writer compared the result
between experimental group and control group. Then the writer compared the
results of pretest and posttest of each group, whether there is effect in
students’ reading achievement after being given the treatment.
After the result has been compared, the
writer is able to take the conclusion that there is significant difference
between the students who are taught by using English newspapers and those who are
taught without using English newspapers.
10.2
Population, Sample, and Sampling
Technique
Arikunto (2006:130) states that population is
a whole of the research subjects. It means that the researcher should conduct
the research to all of subjects of the research but it is impossible to do it, so the writer only takes a
little part of subject that has the same characteristic.
Population is so wide, even it can be counted
the number and the measurement, so it is impossible to be investigated (Sudjana,
2009:71). The population of this
research is the eleventh grade students of SMA N 1 Balapulang that consist of
students who were divided into 9 classes, those are XI IPA 1, XI IPA 2, XI IPA
3, XI IPA 4, XI IPS 1, XI IPS 2, XI IPS 3, XI IPS 4, and XI IPS 5.
Sample is a part of population that will
be investigated in the research. Sample will represent the population as the
subject of the study. The sample must be represented the whole of population.
“Sample of research is a part or
research representation of population” (Arikunto, 2006:131) or process catch
part of subject o subjects on population (Sudjana 2009:71).
Numbers of sample are 60 students at the
eleventh grade of SMA Negeri 1 Balapulang that divided into 2 groups; each
group consists of 30 students. One group is an experimental research and the
other group was control group. The sample, which is used by the writer, is
believed homogenous. The homogeneity can be seen from score of the pretest.
To get the sample in this research, the
writer uses simple random sampling technique. On simple random sampling, the
writer will take sample from the population randomly, so every subject in the
population has chance to be selected as sample in this research (Arikunto,
2006:134).
In this research, the writer uses
cluster random sampling technique and random sampling technique to choose the
sample from the population. Cluster
random sampling is the way to choose the certain group (in class) at random
without see the ability of the students itself (Sudjana, 2009:73). At first,
the writer uses cluster random sampling because in cluster random sampling the
students gets same chance to be sample of the research. The writer chooses two
classes not individually randomly. Those two classes are one class as
experimental group, and the other as control group. The two groups are taught
the same topic but different material source in teaching reading, they are:
1. The
30 students from XI class for the first group as experimental group (students
who taught by using the English newspapers)
2. The
30 students from XI class for the second group as control (students who are not
taught by using the English newspapers).
Each class consists of 32 students, to
get 30 students each class as the sample of the research, the writer then uses
random sampling. In this random sampling, the writer chooses the sample by
using paper writing the name of students and making the paper like ball, then
the writer puts 30 papers to be the sample of the research.
10.3
Research Variables
According to Sudjana (2009:23), variable
is characteristics of individual, object, indication or event, which can be
measured in quantitative or qualitative. There are two kinds of variable:
dependent variable and independent variable. Dependent variable is a variable,
which is intentionally manipulated in order to know the effect to the
independent variable. While independent variable is a variable, which is caused
of dependent variables, effect or it is a response of dependent variable. In
this research, there are two variables:
1. Independent
variable: The effect of using English newspapers
2. Dependent
variable: Students’ reading achievement
10.4
Data Collecting Technique
In this research, the writer uses
instrument test as the technique to collect the data. Test
as instrument of collecting data is a group of exercise, which is used to
measure knowledge, intelligence, ability that are owned by individual or group.
Test is a tool, questions of exercises, which are used to measure the skills,
knowledge of intelligence, talent or ability in individual or group (Arikunto,
2006:150).
In order to collect the
data, the writer uses multiple choices with five options; A, B, C, D and E for
each item of reading test. The test content 40 test items in allocation time 80
minutes. The test is divided into two; those are pretest and
posttest. The writer gives pretest to the experiment group and control group to
know the students’ reading achievement before using English newspapers in
teaching-learning process. The posttest gives after teaching-learning process
to both groups. The effectiveness of the treatment is shown by the differences
between posttest for experiment group and posttest for control group.
10.5
Research Instrument
Instrument is a tool or a way to filter
the data (Sudjana, 2009:52). It means that instrument is a tool or a way to get
a data in a research.
An instrument has an important role in
collecting data. The data will be reliable if we choose the right instrument.
There are some instruments in research such as text, questioner and
observation. In this research, the writer uses one kind of instrument. It is a
reading test.
In this research, the writer uses
reading test. The test contains of 50 items of multiple choice type question
with five alternative answers A, B, C, D and E and the time allocation is 90
minutes. To know the validity and reliability of the instrument, the writer try
out the test at class this is not checked. Try out the instrument is intended
to know whether the items are good items quality or not.
In order, the instrument of research is
reliable and valid; this is the criterion such as:
1. Validity
An instrument is asserted as valid
instrument if it can measure what will be measured. Validity is a standard or criteria
on that show whether the instrument is valid or not (Arikunto, 2006:168). A
test or an instrument is valid when it can measure what will be measured.
A good research is a research, which has
valid data. Therefore, the writer needs validity test to check whether the data,
which has got is valid or not. In this research, the result will be valid if
the instrument has been tested in accordance with the material being taught.
Validity of the test, which is used in
this research, is internal validity. Internal validity reached is there is a
correlation between parts and the entire instrument (Arikunto, 2006:171). Pearson
can establish it using the formulation of product moment correlation.
rxy =
In which:
rxy
= coefficient of correlation
between variable X and Y (2 variable which are correlation)
N =
number of respondent
X =
the score of experiment test
Y =
the score of other test as criterion
XY =
number of product from variable X and Y
In the formulation of the product moment
correlation above, if r-test is higher than of the r-table. It can be said that
the test is valid. Whereas, if r-test is lower than of the r-table. It can be
said that the test is not valid.
2. Reliability
Sugiyono (2013:121) states that research
result that is reliable, if there is data similarity in different time.
Reliability is used to know the degree of stability of the instrument. Because
of the test used objective test, so the writer used multiple choice type
question with five alternative answers A, B, C, D, and E as the instrument of
the research. A test is reliable if the tool of measurement can give an
illustration that can show the consistency and stability of the characteristics
from the experiment (Arikunto,
1997:170).
In which:
rxy = index correlation between two-half instrument
N =
number of subject/sample
X =
first-half score
Y =
two-half score
To get an index reliability of the
instrument, it should use this formulation, which is taken from Arikunto
(2006:180)
In which:
To
measure the reliability of the test, the writer used the procedure of
split-half methods by using the formula Spearman-Brown.
In
the procedure of split-half methods, if r-test is higher than of the r-table,
so there is a significant correlation between the X as the first-half score and
Y as two-half score. This means that the test is reliable. Whereas, if r-test
is lower than of the r-table, so there is not a significant correlation between
the X as the first-half score and Y as two-half score. This means that the test
is not reliable.
10.6
Data Analysis Technique
Before
the writer answer the hypothesis testing, firstly the writer will do pre
analysis testing. Pre analysis testing used to know the homogeneity of sample
and the normal gain of sample.
1.1. Homogeneity
According Arikunto (2007:318),
homogeneity is the groups variance similarity of the sample which is from the
same population. The aim is to find whether there is significant difference
mean between the samples. In this research, the writer takes score of mid test
to know the homogeneity of sample distribution. The sample is told homogenous
if the value of F-test (F0) is lower than F-table (Ft) (Ft
> F0). It means
there is no significant difference mean between the samples. To find out the
homogeneity of the samples, the writer uses SPSS program.
To find out whether there is significant
or not of the value of F0, the writer consults to the F table with
the value of df between groups (dbk) shows
the column of the table, and the value of df within groups (dbd)
shows
the row of the table. If F-table is higher than F-test (Ft > F0),
it means there is no significant difference mean between the samples, in other
word the sample that used is homogenous.
1.2. Normality
According Arikunto (2007:301), normality is organizing trial/testing data
which will be analyzed is normal or not.
After
collecting data, the next step was analyzing data. Data analysis is the
important step in a research. Data analysis leads the result of study and the
conclusion to show the difference on students’ reading achievement. The data is
analyzed by using following formulas:
1. The
writer searches the Mean of each sample (Calculating Means). Mean is all of the score’s number
which is divided with the sample’s number (Sudjana, 2009:137)
In
which:
N = number of student
2. The
writer searches the Median of each sample. Median is the score of
the data, which often appear, or the score, which has highest frequency
(Sudjana, 2009:137). For example: 5, 5,
6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9 (the median is 7).
3. The
writer searches the Modus of each sample. Modus is the middle score of the data
from the research (Sudjana, 2009:137). From of data above (in modus), the
middle point of the data are on the tenth and eleventh suite, thus the modus is
= 7.
4. The
writer searches the Standard Deviation of each group (Calculating Standard
Deviation). Standard deviation is index spread that is used to test the
hypothesis. If the standard deviation is
little, it means that the scores spread are homogenizes. (Sudjana, 2009:140).
SD =
In
which:
SD
= standard deviation
(x-x)2
= deviation of quadrate mean
N
= number of students
5. The
writer searches the Variant. Variant is quadrate two of standard deviation.
This is the formula of computing of variant data: (Sudjana, 2009:140)
S
= (SD)2
In
which:
S
= combined standard deviation
SD
= standard deviation
6. The
writer searches the Combination Variants (Calculating the Combination
Variants). Unity
variant is annexation of the standard deviation from the experimental and
control group. The unity variant should be computed, before computing T-test
(Sudjana, 2009:150).
S2
=
In
which:
S2 = combination of variants
n1
= the number of students
group I
n2
= the number of students group II
S1
= the square of standard deviation
group I
S2
= the square of standard deviation
group II
7. The
writer searches t-test (Computing t-test). T-test is used to know
whether there is significant, difference (in the certain degree) from both
variables that will be researched (Sudjana, 2009:149).
t
=
In
which:
t
= t-test
n1
= the number of students group I
n2
= the number of students group II
S
= combination of variants
11.
Organization
of the Writing
1. Title
2. Background
of the Study
3. Reason
for Choosing the Topic
4. Research
Question
5. Limitation
of the Study
6. Objective
of the Study
7. Definition
of Key Terms
8. Significance
9. Review
of Related Literature
9.1 Previous
Studies
9.2 English
Newspaper
9.3 Newspaper
Elements
9.4 The
Advantages of Using English Newspapers
9.5 Develop
Habit of Reading English Newspapers amongst the Students
9.6 English
Newspapers Contain for ESL Classroom Exercises
9.7 Reading
9.8 Reading
Strategies and Techniques
9.9 The
Importance of Teaching Reading
9.10 Logical
Framework
9.11 Hypothesis
10. Methodology
10.1
Approach, Type
and Design of the Research.
10.2
Population,
Sample, and Sampling Techniques
10.3
Research
Variables
10.4
Data Collecting
Technique
10.5
Research Instrument
10.6
Data Analysis
Technique
11. Organization
of the Writing
12. References
12.
References
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Astuti,
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Bottino,Olga.without
year.Developing Reading Skills.Lisbon:Universidade
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Franklin,
Bob.2008.Pulling Newspapers Apart: Analyzing Print Journalism.Routledge.
Hermida,
Julian.2009. The Importance of Teaching
Academic Reading Skills
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S., dkk. 2003.Teaching
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Sudjana,
Dr. Nana. 2009. Tuntunan Penyusunan Karya Ilmiah. Bandung: Sinar Baru
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Suleiman
Alyousef, Hesham.2005. Teaching Reading Comprehension to Esl/Efl
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Pape & Sue Featherstone.2005. NEWSPAPER
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